NPH and Early AD Group

Normaalipaineinen hydrokefalia (NPH, in Finnish)

Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH)

NPH is a poorly understood neurological disorder presenting with impaired cognitive, gait and continency functions in various combinations as well as enlarged I-IV ventricles.

NPH patients may significantly benefit of shunt surgery. The most frequent differential diagnosis is Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

Neurosurgery of Kuopio University Hospital (KUH) solely serves Eastern Finnish population (see map above: green area).

Since 1991 until 2010, our NPH protocol has included 24-hour intraventricular pressure monitoring together with a small right frontal cortical biopsy to exclude other neurodegenerative processes. Since 2010 the protocol has included systematic CSF sampling and brain biopsy is included in the shunt surgery.

Selected patients undergo advanced AD imaging at Turku PET Centre.

Kuopio NPH and AD Registry and Tissue Bank contains clinical and long-term follow up data as well as cortical biopsy samples of over 700 patients investigated for possible NPH.

Kuopio NPH Research Group has a unique research window to NPH and AD through the cortical biopsy and CSF samples and long-term outcome data. This project is multidisciplinary approach, in which expertise from several fields of neuroscience at KUH and UEF campus area as well as national and international level are combined.

Aims of Research

1. Genomic factors predisposing sporadic and familial idiopathic NPH.
2. Novel biomarkers of iNPH and neurodegenerative diseases diagnostics and prognosis.
3. Validation of CSF and PET diagnostics against brain biopsy in iNPH and AD.
4. Personalized treatment of iNPH.

Group

Director

Ville Leinonen
Prof MD PhD

ville.leinonen (at) kuh.fi
+358 44 717 2303

 

Neuroinflammation
Tarja Malm / PhD Prof

Molecular Neurodegeneration
Annakaisa Haapasalo / PhD Adjunct prof

Molecular Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease
Mikko Hiltunen / PhD Prof

Neurochemistry
Henrik Zetterberg / Prof MD PhD (Sahlgrenska / University of Gothenburg / UCL)

Broad Institute
Beth Stevens / Stevens Lab
Evan Macosko / Macosko Lab

Neurology
Ossi Nerg / MD PhD Student
Anne Koivisto / MD PhD Prof
Sanna-Kaisa Herukka / MD PhD Adjunct prof
Hilkka Soininen / Prof
Anne Remes / Prof (University of Oulu)

Neuropathology
Tuomas Rauramaa / MD PhD Post Doc
Jaana Rummukainen / MD PhD Post Doc
Irina Alafuzoff / Prof (Uppsala)

Neurosurgery

Joel Huovinen / MD PhD Student
Ville Korhonen / MD PhD Student
Antti Luikku / MD PhD Student
Janne Kukkonen / MD PhD Student
Benjam Kemiläinen / BM PhD Student
Julius Kiilava / BM PhD Student
Vasco Vanhala / BM PhD Student

Antti Junkkari / MD PhD Post Doc
Maria Kojoukhova / MD PhD
Tiina Laiterä / MD PhD
Okko Pyykkö / MD PhD

Marita Parviainen / RN
Juha E Jääskeläinen / Prof
Nils Danner / MD PhD Post Doc
Henna-Kaisa Jyrkkänen / MD PhD Post Doc
Ville Leinonen / Prof MD PhD

Cognitive Neuroscience
Heikki Tanila / Prof

Radiology
Anna Sutela / MD PhD Post Doc
Ritva Vanninen / Prof

Turku Neurosurgery
Jaakko Rinne / Prof Chairman

Turku PET Centre
Juha O Rinne / Prof

Oslo Neurosurgery
Per Kristian Eide / Prof MD PhD

Links

• Intracranial Aneurysm Group
• Clinical Research Centre / UEF
• Doctoral Programme of Clinical Research

Selected Publications

 

2019

• Luikku A, Hall A, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Hiltunen M, Helisalmi S, Herukka SK, Junkkari A, Sutela A, Kojoukhova M, Korhonen V, Mattila J, Lötjönen J, Rummukainen J, Alafuzoff I, Jääskeläinen JE, Remes AM, Solomon A, Kivipelto M, Soininen H, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V. Predicting development of Alzheimer’s disease in patients with shunted idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Alzheimers Dis 2019 (in press)
• Junkkari A, Luikku AJ, Danner N, Jyrkkänen HK, Rauramaa T, Korhonen VE, Koivisto AM, Nerg O, Kojoukhova M, Huttunen TJ, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. The Kuopio idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus protocol – initial outcome of 175 patients. Fluids Barriers CNS 16: 21, 2019
• Bridel C, van Wieringen WN, Zetterberg H, Tijms BM, Teunissen CE; and the NFL Group, Alvarez-Cermeño JC, Andreasson U, Axelsson M, Bäckström DC, Bartos A, Bjerke M, Blennow K, Boxer A, Brundin L, Burman J, Christensen T, Fialová L, Forsgren L, Frederiksen JL, Gisslén M, Gray E, Gunnarsson M, Hall S, Hansson O, Herbert MK, Jakobsson J, Jessen-Krut J, Janelidze S, Johannsson G, Jonsson M, Kappos L, Khademi M, Khalil M, Kuhle J, Landén M, Leinonen V, Logroscino G, Lu CH, Lycke J, Magdalinou NK, Malaspina A, Mattsson N, Meeter LH, Mehta SR, Modvig S, Olsson T, Paterson RW, Pérez-Santiago J, Piehl F, Pijnenburg YAL, Pyykkö OT, Ragnarsson O, Rojas JC, Romme Christensen J, Sandberg L, Scherling CS, Schott JM, Sellebjerg FT, Simone IL, Skillbäck T, Stilund M, Sundström P, Svenningsson A, Tortelli R, Tortorella C, Trentini A, Troiano M, Turner MR, van Swieten JC, Vågberg M, Verbeek MM, Villar LM, Visser PJ, Wallin A, Weiss A, Wikkelsø C, Wild EJ. Diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light protein in Neurology: a systematic review and individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2019 (Epub)
• Jeppsson A, Wikkelsø C, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Constantinescu R, Remes AM, Herukka S-K, Rauramaa T, Nägga K, Leinonen V, Tullberg M. CSF biomarkers distinguish idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus from its mimics. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2019 (Epub)
• Korhonen VE, Remes AM, Helisalmi S, Rauramaa T, Sutela A, Vanninen R, Suhonen NM, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Koivisto AM, Leinonen V. Prevalence of C9ORF72 Expansion in a Large Series of Patients with Idiopathic Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 47(1-2): 91-103, 2019
• Rinne JO, Suotunen T, Rummukainen J, Herukka SK, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Rauramaa T, Någren K, Hiltunen M, Alafuzoff I, Rinne J, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Leinonen V. [11C]PIB PET Is Associated with the Brain Biopsy Amyloid-β Load in Subjects Examined for Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. J Alzheimers Dis 67(4): 1343-1351, 2019
• Marttinen M, Paananen J, Neme A, Mitra V, Takalo M, Natunen T, Paldanius KMA, Mäkinen P, Bremang M, Kurki MI, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Pike I, Hiltunen M. A multiomic approach to characterize the temporal sequence in Alzheimer’s disease-related pathology. Neurobiol Dis 124: 454-468, 2019
• Vanhala V, Junkkari A, Korhonen VE, Kurki MI, Hiltunen M, Rauramaa T, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Remes AM, Perälä J, Suvisaari J, Lehto SM, Viinamäki H, Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. Prevalence of Schizophrenia in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 84: 883-889, 2019

2018

• Marttinen M, Takalo M, Natunen T, Wittrahm R, Gabbouj S, Kemppainen S, Leinonen V, Tanila H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Molecular Mechanisms of Synaptotoxicity and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurosci 12: 963, 2018
• Korhonen VE, Helisalmi S, Jokinen A, Jokinen I, Lehtola JM, Oinas M, Lönnrot K, Avellan C, Kotkansalo A, Frantzen J, Rinne J, Ronkainen A, Kauppinen M, Junkkari A, Hiltunen M, Soininen H, Kurki M, Jääskeläinen JE, Koivisto AM, Sato H, Kato T, Remes AM, Eide PK, Leinonen V. Copy number loss in SFMBT1 is common among Finnish and Norwegian patients with iNPH. Neurol Genet 4(6): e291, 2018
• Leal NS, Dentoni G, Schreiner B, Kämäräinen OP, Partanen N, Herukka SK, Koivisto AM, Hiltunen M, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Ankarcrona M. Alterations in mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum connectivity in human brain biopsies from idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. Acta Neuropathol Commun 6(1): 102, 2018
• Leinonen V, Rauramaa T, Johansson J, Bottelbergs A, Tesseur I, van der Ark P, Pemberton D, Koivisto AM, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Herukka SK, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Jokinen P, Rokka J, Helin S, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Okamura N, Kolb HC, Rinne JO. S-[18F]THK-5117-PET and [11C]PIB-PET Imaging in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus in Relation to Confirmed Amyloid-β Plaques and Tau in Brain Biopsies. J Alzheimers Dis 64: 171-9, 2018
• Leskelä S, Takalo M, Marttinen M, Huber N, Paananen J, Mitra V, Rauramaa T, Mäkinen P, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Pike I, Remes AM, Hiltunen M, Haapasalo A. Interrelationship between the Levels of C9orf72 and Amyloid-β Protein Precursor and Amyloid-β in Human Cells and Brain Samples. J Alzheimers Dis 62: 269-78, 2018
• Pyykkö OT, Nerg O, Niskasaari HM, Niskasaari T, Koivisto AM, Hiltunen M, Pihlajamäki J, Rauramaa T, Kojoukhova M, Alafuzoff I, Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. Incidence, Comorbidities, and Mortality in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg 112: e624-e631, 2018

2017

• Leinonen V, Vanninen R, Rauramaa T. Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and hydrocephalus. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 145 (3rd series), Neuropathology, G. Kovacs and I. Alafuzoff (Eds) 2017
• Huovinen J, Helisalmi S, Paananen J, Laiterä T, Kojoukhova M, Sutela A, Vanninen R, Laitinen M, Rauramaa T, Koivisto AM, Remes AM, Soininen H, Kurki M, Haapasalo A, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Leinonen V. Alzheimer’s disease-related polymorphisms in shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Alzheimers Dis 60: 1077-85, 2017
• Junkkari A, Roine RP, Luikku A, Rauramaa T, Sintonen H, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Häyrinen A, Viinamäki H, Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. Why does the health-related quality of life in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus fail to improve despite the favorable clinical outcome? World Neurosurg 108: 356-66, 2017
• Korhonen VE, Solje E, Suhonen NM, Rauramaa T, Vanninen R, Remes AM, Leinonen V. Frontotemporal dementia as a comorbidity to idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a short review of literature and an unusual case. Fluids Barriers CNS 14:10, 2017
• Tervonen J, Leinonen V, Jääskeläinen JE, Koponen S, Huttunen TJ. Rate and Risk Factors for Shunt Revision in Pediatric Patients with Hydrocephalus-A Population-Based Study. World Neurosurg 101:615-22, 2017
• Kojoukhova M, Vanha KI, Timonen M, Koivisto AM, Nerg O, Rummukainen J, Rauramaa T, Vanninen R, Jääskeläinen JE, Sutela A, Leinonen V. Associations of intracranial pressure with brain biopsy, radiological findings, and shunt surgery outcome in patients with suspected idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir 159: 51-61, 2017
• Laiterä T, Paananen J, Helisalmi S, Sarajärvi T, Huovinen J, Laitinen M, Rauramaa T, Alafuzoff I, Remes AM, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V*, Hiltunen M*. Effects of Alzheimer’s disease-associated risk loci on β-amyloid accumulation in the brain of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. J Alzheimers Dis 55: 995-1003, 2017 *shared last author
• Junkkari A, Häyrinen A, Rauramaa T, Sintonen H, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Roine RP, Viinamäki H, Soininen H, Luikku A, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. Health-related quality of life outcome in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus – A one-year follow-up study. Eur J Neurol 24: 58-66, 2017

2016

• Luikku A, Hall A, Kojoukhova M, Mattila J, Lötjönen J, Sutela A, Koivisto A, Alafuzoff I, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Leinonen V. Multimodal analysis to predict shunt surgery outcome of 284 patients with suspected idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir 158: 2311-9, 2016
• Adams H, Ban VS, Leinonen V, Aoun SG, Huttunen J, Saavalainen T, Lindgren A, Frosen J, von und zu Fraunberg M, Koivisto TS, Hernesniemi J, Welch BG, Jaaskelainen JE, Huttunen T. Risk of Shunting After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Collaborative Study and Initiation of a Consortium. Stroke 47:2488-96, 2016
• Huovinen J, Kastinen S, Komulainen S, Oinas M, Avellan C, Frantzen J, Rinne J, Ronkainen A, Kauppinen M, Lönnrot K, Perola M, Pyykkö OT, Koivisto AM, Remes AM, Soininen H, Hiltunen M, Helisalmi S, Kurki M, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. Familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Sci 368: 11-8, 2016
• Kurkinen KM, Marttinen JM, Turner L, Natunen T, Mäkinen P, Haapalinna F, Sarajärvi T, Gabbouj S, Kurki M, Paananen J, Koivisto AM, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Tanila H, Soininen H, Lucas FR, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. SEPT8 modulates β-amyloidogenic processing of APP by affecting the sorting and accumulation of BACE1. J Cell Sci 129: 2224-38, 2016
• Koivisto AM, Kurki MI, Alafuzoff I, Sutela A, Rummukainen J, Savolainen S, Vanninen R, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Leinonen V. High risk of dementia in ventricular enlargement with normal pressure hydrocephalus related symptoms. J Alzheimers Dis 52: 497-507, 2016
• Natunen T, Takalo M, Kemppainen S, Leskelä S, Marttinen M, Kurkinen KMA, Pursiheimo J, Sarajärvi T, Viswanathan J, Gabbouj S, Solje E, Tahvanainen E, Pirttimäki T, Kurki M, Paananen J, Rauramaa T, Miettinen P, Mäkinen P, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Airenne K, Tanzi RE, Tanila H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Relationship between ubiquilin-1 and BACE1 in human Alzheimer’s Disease and APdE9 transgenic mouse brain and cell-based models. Neurobiol Dis 85: 187-205, 2016

2015

• Laiterä T, Kurki MI, Pursiheimo J, Zetterberg H, Helisalmi S, Rauramaa T, Alafuzoff I, Remes A, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Leinonen V. The expression of transthyretin and amyloid-β precursor protein is altered in the brain of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. J Alzheimers Dis 48: 959-68, 2015
• Sarajärvi T, Marttinen M, Natunen T, Kauppinen T, Mäkinen P, Laitinen M, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Petäjä-Repo U, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Hiltunen M. Genetic variation in δ-opioid receptor associates with increased β- and γ-secretase activity in the late stages of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 48: 507-16,
  2015
• Leitão MJ, Baldeiras I, Herukka SK, Pikkarainen M, Leinonen V, Simonsen AH, Perret-Liaudet A, Fourier A, Quadrio I, Veiga PM, de Oliveira CR. Chasing the Effects of Pre-Analytical Confounders – A Multicenter Study on CSF-AD Biomarkers. Front Neurol 6: 153, 2015
• Kojoukhova M, Koivisto AM, Korhonen R, Remes AM, Vanninen R, Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Sutela A, Leinonen V. Feasibility of radiological markers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochir 157: 1709-19, 2015
• Junkkari A, Sintonen H, Nerg O, Koivisto A, Roine RP, Viinamäki H, .Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. Health-related quality of life in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Eur J Neurol 22: 1391-9, 2015
• Herukka SK, Rummukainen J, Ihalainen J, von und zu Fraunberg M, Koivisto AM, Nerg O, Puli L, Zetterberg H, Pyykkö OT, Helisalmi S, Tanila H, Alafuzoff I, Hiltunen M, Rinne J, Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V. Amyloid-beta and tau dynamics correlate with cortical brain biopsy findings. J Alzheimers Dis 46: 261-9, 2015
• Martiskainen H, Viswanathan J, Nykänen N, Kurki M, Helisalmi S, Natunen T, Sarajärvi T, Kurkinen KM, Pursiheimo J, Rauramaa T, Alafuzoff I, Jääskeläinen JE, Leinonen V, Soininen H, Haapasalo A, Huttunen HJ, Hiltunen M. Transcriptomics and mechanistic elucidation of Alzheimer’s disease risk genes in the brain and in vitro models. Neurobiol Aging 36: 1221.e15-28, 2015
• Martiskainen H, Helisalmi S, Viswanathan J, Kurki M, Hall A, Herukka SK, Sarajärvi T, Natunen T, Kurkinen KM, Huovinen J, Mäkinen P, Laitinen M, Koivisto AM, Mattila KM, Lehtimäki T, Remes AM, Leinonen V, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Effects of Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated Risk Loci on Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers and Disease Progression: A Polygenic Risk Score Approach. J Alzheimers Dis 43: 565-73, 2015

2014

• Leinonen V, Rinne JO, Wong DF, Wolk DA, Trojanowski JQ, Sherwin PF, Smith A, Heurling K, Su M, Grachev ID. Diagnostic effectiveness of quantitative [¹⁸F]flutemetamol PET imaging for detection of fibrillar amyloid β using cortical biopsy histopathology as the standard of truth in subjects with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2: 46, 2014
• Laiterä T, Sarajärvi T, Haapasalo A, Puli L, Kauppinen T, Mäkinen P, Rauramaa T, Tanila H, Jääskeläinen JE, Alafuzoff I, Soininen H, Leinonen V, Hiltunen M. Idiopathic NPH patients with Alzheimer-like β-amyloid pathology show increased γ-secretase activity. PLoS One 9:e93717, 2014 (Epub)
• Pyykkö OT, Lumela M, Rummukainen J, Nerg O, Seppälä TT, Herukka SK, Koivisto AM, Alafuzoff I, Puli L, Savolainen S, Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Hiltunen M, Zetterberg H, Leinonen V. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker and brain biopsy findings in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. PLoS One 9:e91974, 2014
• Takalo M, Haapasalo A, Martiskainen H, Koivisto H, Miettinen P, Khandelwal VKM, Kemppainen S, Kaminska D, Mäkinen P, Leinonen V, Pihlajamäki J, Soininen H, Laakso M, Tanila H, Hiltunen M. High-fat diet increases tau expression and tau exon 10 inclusion in the brain of AD and T2DM mice. J Nutr Biochem 25: 634-41, 2014
• Rinne JO, Frantzén J, Leinonen V, Lönnrot K, Laakso A, Virtanen KA, Solin O, Kotkansalo A, Koivisto A, Sajanti J, Karppinen A, Lehto H, Rummukanen J, Buckley C, Smith A, Jones P, Sherwin P, Farrar G, McLain R, Kailajärvi M, Grachev ID. Prospective Flutemetamol PET and Histopathology in Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Neurodegener Dis 13: 237-45, 2014

2013

• Natunen T, Martiskainen H, Sarajärvi T, Helisalmi S, Pursiheimo JP, Viswanathan J, Laitinen M, Mäkinen P, Kauppinen T, Rauramaa T, Leinonen V, Alafuzoff I, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Effects of NR1H3 genetic variation on the expression of liver X receptor α and the pro-gression of Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One 8:e80700, 2013
• Malm J, Graff-Radford NR, Ishikawa M, Kristensen B, Leinonen V, Mori E, Owler BK, Tullberg M, Williams MA, Relkin NR. Influence of comorbidities in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus – research and clinical care. A report of the ISHCSF task force on comorbidities in INPH. Fluids Barriers CNS 20: 22, 2013
• Leinonen V, Rinne JO, Virtanen KA, Eskola O, Rummukainen J, Huttunen J, von und zu Fraunberg M, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Rinne J, Jääskeläinen JE, Buckley C, Smith A, Jones PA, Sherwin P, Farrar G, McLain R, Kailajärvi M, Heurling K, Grachev ID. Positron emission tomography with [18F]flutemetamol and [11C] PiB for in vivo detection of cerebral cortical amyloid in normal pressure hydrocephalus patients. Eur J Neurol 20: 1043-52, 2013
• Koivisto AM, Alafuzoff I, Savolainen S, Sutela A, Rummukainen J, Kurki MI, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Rinne J, Leinonen V. Poor cognitive outcome in shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 72: 1-8, 2013

2012

• Rinne JO, Wong DF, Wolk DA, Leinonen V, Arnold SE, Buckley C, Smith A, McLain R, Sherwin PF, Farrar G, Kailajärvi M, Grachev ID. [(18)F]Flutemetamol PET imaging and cortical biopsy histopathology for fibrillar amyloid β detection in living subjects with normal pressure hydrocephalus: pooled analysis of four studies. Acta Neuropathol 124: 833-45, 2012
• Pyykkö OT, Helisalmi S, Koivisto AM, Mölsä JAA, Rummukainen J, Nerg O, Alafuzoff I, Savolainen S, Soininen H, Jääskeläinen JE, Rinne J, Leinonen V, Hiltunen M. APOE4 predicts amyloid-β in cortical brain biopsy but not idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83: 1119-24, 2012
• Seppälä TT, Nerg O, Koivisto AM, Puli L, Rummukainen J, Zetterberg H, Pyykkö OR, Helisalmi S, Alafuzoff I, Hiltunen M, Jääskeläinen JE, Rinne J, Soininen H, Leinonen V, Herukka SK. Ventricular and lumbar CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease correlate with cortical brain biopsy findings. Neurology 78: 1568-75, 2012
• Leinonen V, Koivisto A, Alafuzoff I, Pyykkö OT, Rummukainen J, von und zu Fraunberg M, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Rinne J, Savolainen S. Cortical brain biopsy in long-term prognostication of 468 patients with possible normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurodegener Dis 10: 166-9, 2012
• Leinonen V, Koivisto AM, Savolainen S, Rummukainen J, Sutela A, Vanninen R, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Alafuzoff I. Post-mortem findings in 10 patients with presumed normal pressure hydrocephalus and review of the literature. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 38: 72-86, 2012

2008 – 2011

• Leinonen V, Menon LG, Carroll RS, Dello Iacono D, Grevet J, Jääskeläinen JE, Black PM. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011: 312526
• Leinonen V, Koivisto A, Savolainen S, Rummukainen J, Tamminen JN, Tillgren T, Vainikka S, Pyykkö OT, Mölsä J, Fraunberg M, Pirttilä T, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Rinne J, Alafuzoff I. Amyloid and tau proteins in cortical brain biopsy and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 68: 446-53, 2010
• Aho L, Pikkarainen M, Hiltunen M, Leinonen V, Alafuzoff I. Immunohistochemical visualization of amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid in extra- and intracellular compartments in the human brain. J Alzheimers Dis 20: 1015-28, 2010
• Hansson Petersen CA, Alikhani N, Behbahani H, Wiehager B, Pavlov PF, Alafuzoff I, Leinonen V, Ito A, Winblad B, Glaser E, Ankarcrona M. The amyloid beta-peptide is imported into mitochondria via the TOM import machinery and localized to mitochondrial cristae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105: 13145-50, 2008
• Leinonen V, Alafuzoff I, Aalto S, Suotunen T, Savolainen S, Någren K, Tapiola T, Pirttilä T, Rinne J, Jääskeläinen JE, Soininen H, Rinne JO. Assessment of β-Amyloid in a Frontal Cortical Brain Biopsy Specimen and by Positron Emission Tomography With Carbon 11-Labeled Pittsburgh Compound B. Arch Neurol 65:1304-9, 2008